{"id":162,"date":"2024-09-19T18:17:31","date_gmt":"2024-09-19T16:17:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/konsul.eu\/?p=162"},"modified":"2024-12-06T22:14:41","modified_gmt":"2024-12-06T21:14:41","slug":"historia-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/konsul.eu\/index.php\/2024\/09\/19\/historia-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Historia"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"162\" class=\"elementor elementor-162\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54a0c2a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"54a0c2a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4fb74a5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4fb74a5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a35f7ea elementor-widget 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\n\t\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d19b934 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d19b934\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92f8cb8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"92f8cb8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ebf69d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4ebf69d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-57ca6cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"57ca6cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Historia Demokratycznej Republiki Konga<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5eea3ae e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5eea3ae\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b300f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"0b300f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-01108c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"01108c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Pierwsi Mieszka\u0144cy i Staro\u017cytne Pa\u0144stwa<\/strong><\/p><p>Pierwsi mieszka\u0144cy teren\u00f3w obecnej Demokratycznej Republiki Konga byli \u0142owcami-zbieraczami. Na p\u00f3\u0142nocy osiedlili si\u0119 Pigmeje, natomiast po\u0142udnie zamieszkiwa\u0142y plemiona spokrewnione z Buszmenami. W I tysi\u0105cleciu p.n.e. oraz I tysi\u0105cleciu n.e. obszary te zacz\u0119\u0142y zasiedla\u0107 ludy Bantu, kt\u00f3re zepchn\u0119\u0142y wcze\u015bniejszych mieszka\u0144c\u00f3w: Pigmej\u00f3w do las\u00f3w, a Buszmen\u00f3w na po\u0142udnie. W \u015bredniowieczu na terenie DR Konga zacz\u0119\u0142y powstawa\u0107 pierwsze niewielkie pa\u0144stwa, kt\u00f3rych podboje przyczyni\u0142y si\u0119 do unifikacji politycznej i kulturalnej regionu. Na prze\u0142omie XIV-XVI wieku wykszta\u0142ci\u0142y si\u0119 nowe pa\u0144stwa: Kongo nad dolnym Kongiem, Luanda nad g\u00f3rnym Kasai, Luba nad g\u00f3rn\u0105 Lualab\u0105, a w XVII wieku Kuba nad \u015brodkowym Kasai.<\/p><p><strong>Kontakty z Europejczykami<\/strong><\/p><p>Pierwsze kontakty z Europejczykami mia\u0142y miejsce w XV wieku. W 1491 roku kongijski w\u0142adca Nzinga-a-Nkwu przyj\u0105\u0142 chrze\u015bcija\u0144stwo, co zapocz\u0105tkowa\u0142o bliskie relacje z Portugali\u0105. W kolejnych wiekach teren ten by\u0142 penetrowany przez Hiszpan\u00f3w, Arab\u00f3w, Holendr\u00f3w, Francuz\u00f3w i Brytyjczyk\u00f3w. Niewielkie pa\u0144stwa handlowa\u0142y z przybyszami ko\u015bci\u0105 s\u0142oniow\u0105, miedzi\u0105 i niewolnikami, co doprowadzi\u0142o do wyludnienia kraju i degradacji spo\u0142ecznych relacji.<\/p><p><strong>Okres Kolonialny<\/strong><\/p><p>W XIX wieku, destabilizacj\u0119 regionu wykorzysta\u0142y europejskie mocarstwa. Belgijski kr\u00f3l Leopold II sfinansowa\u0142 wypraw\u0119 Henry\u2019ego Mortona Stanleya wzd\u0142u\u017c rzeki Kongo, d\u0105\u017c\u0105c do ustanowienia swojej w\u0142adzy na tych terenach. Podczas konferencji w Berlinie (1884\u20131885) uznano Leopolda suwerenem Wolnego Pa\u0144stwa Kongo. Si\u0142y zbrojne z\u0142o\u017cone z Afrykan\u00f3w pod dow\u00f3dztwem Belg\u00f3w podbi\u0142y obszar wsp\u00f3\u0142czesnej Katangi i wschodnich rejon\u00f3w DR Konga. W 1908 roku Leopold przekaza\u0142 Kongo pa\u0144stwu belgijskiemu, przekszta\u0142caj\u0105c je w koloni\u0119 Kongo Belgijskie, gdzie Belgowie prowadzili bezwzgl\u0119dny wyzysk tubylc\u00f3w. Szacuje si\u0119, \u017ce represyjna polityka Belg\u00f3w doprowadzi\u0142a do \u015bmierci od 5 do 15 milion\u00f3w mieszka\u0144c\u00f3w Konga.<\/p><p><strong>Droga do Niepodleg\u0142o\u015bci<\/strong><\/p><p>Po II wojnie \u015bwiatowej rozwija\u0142y si\u0119 ruchy afryka\u0144skie, tworz\u0105c pierwsze organizacje tubylcze, zwi\u0105zki zawodowe i partie polityczne. W 1959 roku Belgia zacz\u0119\u0142a traci\u0107 kontrol\u0119 nad koloni\u0105, parali\u017cowan\u0105 przez strajki i op\u00f3r cywilny. W styczniu 1960 roku, na konferencji okr\u0105g\u0142ego sto\u0142u zdecydowano o nadaniu kraju niepodleg\u0142o\u015bci. W czerwcu tego samego roku Afrykanie formalnie przej\u0119li w\u0142adz\u0119. Wybory wy\u0142oni\u0142y na premiera Patrice\u2019a Lumumb\u0119 z Kongijskiego Ruchu Narodowego, a na prezydenta Josepha Kasavubu z ugrupowania ABAKO.<\/p><p><strong>Rz\u0105dy Mobutu Sese Seko<\/strong><\/p><p>We wrze\u015bniu 1960 roku dosz\u0142o do zamachu stanu przeprowadzonego przez pu\u0142kownika Josepha-D\u00e9sir\u00e9 Mobutu. W\u0142adza prezydencka przekazana zosta\u0142a Kasavubu, lecz w 1965 roku Mobutu ponownie dokona\u0142 zamachu stanu, przejmuj\u0105c dyktatorskie rz\u0105dy. Mobutu wprowadzi\u0142 polityk\u0119 afrykanizacji, zmieniaj\u0105c nazw\u0119 pa\u0144stwa na Zair w 1971 roku. Jego rz\u0105dy by\u0142y \u015bci\u015ble zwi\u0105zane z korupcj\u0105 i defraudacj\u0105 publicznych funduszy, co doprowadzi\u0142o do gospodarczego za\u0142amania si\u0119 kraju.<\/p><p><strong>Konflikty i Wojna Domowa<\/strong><\/p><p>W latach 90. XX wieku Zair zmaga\u0142 si\u0119 z opozycj\u0105 i naciskami mi\u0119dzynarodowymi na demokratyzacj\u0119. W 1997 roku oddzia\u0142y przeciwnik\u00f3w Mobutu zdoby\u0142y Kinszas\u0119, a nowym prezydentem zosta\u0142 Laurent Kabila. W kolejnych latach Kabila zmaga\u0142 si\u0119 z wojn\u0105 domow\u0105 i interwencjami wojsk s\u0105siednich kraj\u00f3w. W 2001 roku Kabila zosta\u0142 zamordowany, a jego miejsce zaj\u0105\u0142 syn, Joseph Kabila. W 2002 roku podpisano umow\u0119 ko\u0144cz\u0105c\u0105 wojn\u0119 domow\u0105.<\/p><p><strong>Wsp\u00f3\u0142czesno\u015b\u0107<\/strong><\/p><p>W 2019 roku odby\u0142y si\u0119 wybory prezydenckie, kt\u00f3re wygra\u0142 F\u00e9lix Tshisekedi, co by\u0142o pierwszym pokojowym przekazaniem w\u0142adzy od czasu uzyskania niepodleg\u0142o\u015bci przez DRK. Kraj nadal zmaga si\u0119 z agresj\u0105 licznych grup zbrojnych na wschodzie. Od 1999 roku dzia\u0142a tam misja stabilizacyjna ONZ MONUSCO, najwi\u0119ksza i najkosztowniejsza misja w historii ONZ.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4aafc8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"f4aafc8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Menu Demokratyczna Republika Konga Turystyka Kultura Rz\u0105d Historia Historia Demokratycznej Republiki Konga Pierwsi Mieszka\u0144cy i Staro\u017cytne Pa\u0144stwa Pierwsi mieszka\u0144cy teren\u00f3w obecnej Demokratycznej Republiki Konga byli \u0142owcami-zbieraczami. Na p\u00f3\u0142nocy osiedlili si\u0119 Pigmeje, natomiast po\u0142udnie zamieszkiwa\u0142y plemiona spokrewnione z Buszmenami. W I tysi\u0105cleciu p.n.e. oraz I tysi\u0105cleciu n.e. obszary te zacz\u0119\u0142y zasiedla\u0107 ludy Bantu, kt\u00f3re zepchn\u0119\u0142y wcze\u015bniejszych [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_header_footer","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-162","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-drk"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Historia -<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/konsul.eu\/index.php\/2024\/09\/19\/historia-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pl_PL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Historia -\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Menu Demokratyczna Republika Konga Turystyka Kultura Rz\u0105d Historia Historia Demokratycznej Republiki Konga Pierwsi Mieszka\u0144cy i Staro\u017cytne Pa\u0144stwa Pierwsi mieszka\u0144cy teren\u00f3w obecnej Demokratycznej Republiki Konga byli \u0142owcami-zbieraczami. 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